(i)

quh-

Corresponding to ‘wh-’ in words such as quha – ‘who’ (but only for pronouns and adverbs)

(ii)

-ie

Representing final ‘-y’ in words such as daddie – ‘daddy’ (almost always)

(iii)

z

Corresponding to ‘y’ in words such as bailzie – ‘bailiff’ (but only for very few words)

(iv)

z

Corresponding to ‘s’ and ‘ys’ in words like iz (‘us’) and sez (‘says’)

(v)

sch

Corresponding to ‘sh’ in words such as schune – ‘shoes’ (representing the Older Scots spelling of ‘sh’ as sch)

(vi)

sh

Corresponding to ‘s’ in words such as shuin – ‘soon’ (representing the Ulster-Scots pronunciation of ‘s’ as [sh])

(vii)

-(i)t

Corresponding to ‘-(e)d’ in past tense verb forms such as kilt –‘killed’

(viii)

-thè-

Representing loss of ‘th’ and ‘dh’ sound in the middle of words such as ithèr – ‘other’, (to give pronunciations like [irr] and [shooller]).

(ix)

-dè- and
-tè-

Representing the interdental ‘dh’ and ‘tth’ sound in words such as shoulder – shoodèr - ‘shoulder’, eftèr – ‘after’, and watèr – ‘water’ (when pronounced [shoodher], [eftther] and [watther]).

(x)

thà-

Representing an ‘h-‘ sound at the start of words such as thanks – ‘thanks’ (but only for a few words)

(xi)

hò-

Representing the loss of initial ‘h’ sound in words such as hònest and hòspittle – ‘hospital’ (but only for a very few words)

(xii)

thà-

Representing loss of initial ‘th’ sound in words such as thàim-yins – ‘those’ (applies only when these same words occur in certain contexts)

(xiii)

-tt-

Representing a ‘glottal stop’ sound in words like mettle – ‘metal’. bottle – ‘bottle’, and nettle – ‘nettle’

(xiv)

-nnè-

Representing the interdental ‘-nthe-‘ sound in words such as dannèr/dander

(xv)

-ng’r

Representing ‘-nger-‘ in certain words such as hung’r – ‘hunger’

(xvi)

ch

Corresponding to ‘gh’ in certain words such as nicht – ‘night’

(xvii)

-nn

Corresponding to ‘-nd’ in certain words such as mynn – ‘mind’

(xviii)

-un

Corresponding to ‘-nd’ in certain words such as laun – ‘land’

(xix)

w

Corresponding to ‘v’ in certain words such as beloweit – ‘beloved’

(xx)

pp

Corresponding to ‘pt’ in certain words such as kepp – ‘kept’

(xxi)

-ul

Corresponding to ‘-ld’ in certain words such as houl – ‘hold’

(xxii)

-ss

Corresponding to ‘-st’ in certain words such as less – ‘lest’

(i)

 a

corresponding to 'e' in words such as quhan - 'when'

(ii)

 a

correponding to 'o' in words such as stane - 'stone'

(iii)

 ä

representing 'i' in certain words such as bäg - 'big'

(iv)

 á

representing a separately sounded 'a'. or long 'aa' sound in words such as roád - 'road'

(v)

-aa

corresponding to '-all' in words such as faa - 'fall'

(vi)

 aa

corresponding to 'al' in words such as waak - 'walk'

(vii)

 ae

corresponding to 'o' in words such as tae - 'to'

(viii)

 ae

corresponding to 'ee' in words such as quaen - 'queen'

(ix)

-ae

corresponding to '-a' in words such as Americae - 'America'

(x)

 ai

corresponding to 'o' in words such as baith - 'both'

(xi)

 ai

corresponding to 'ea' in words such as hairt - 'heart'

(xii)

 ai

corresponding to 'a' in words such as cairt - 'cart'

(xiii)

 au

corresponding to 'e'in words such as quhaur - 'where'

(xiv)

-ay

corresponding to '-ea' in words such as tay - 'tea'

(xv)

 e

corresponding to 'ou' in words such as yer - 'your'

(xvi)

 e

corresponding to 'a' in words such as eftèr - 'after'

(xvii)

 ee

corresponding to 'ea' in words such as heerd - 'heard'

(xviii)

 ei

corresponding to 'e' in words such as reid - 'red'

(xix)

 ei

corresponding to 'ea' in words such as heid - 'head'

(xx)

-ey

corresponding to '-ea' in words such as sey - 'sea'

(xxi)

 o

corresponding to 'a' in words such as mon - 'man'

(xxii)

 oo

corresponding to 'ow' in words such as coo - 'cow'

(xxiii)

 oo

corresponding to 'ou' in words such as hoose - 'house'

(xxiv)

 oa

corresponding to 'o' in words such as loast - 'lost'

(xxv)

 ow

corresponding to 'ol' in words such as fowk - 'folk'

(xxvi)

 u

corresponding to 'e' in words such as wur - 'were'

(xxvii)

 u

corresponding to 'ou' in words such as wud - 'would'

(xxviii)

 u

corresponding to 'oo' in words such as tuk - 'took'

(xxix)

 ui

corresponding to 'oo' in words such as guid -'good'

(xxx)

 i

corresponding to 'e' in words such as niver - 'never'

(xxxi)

 i

corresponding to 'u' in words such as rin - 'run'

(xxxii)

 í

representing the 'y' sound or the stressed 'i' in words such as miníster - 'minister', and advertísement - 'advertisement'

(xxxiii)

 y

corresponding to 'i' in words such as mynn - 'mind'